Programs

1   Water quality requirements

• Background: Water chemistry, atomic structure, stoichiometry, redox reactions, pH, alkalinity, hardness. Water biology, classification of organisms.   Measurement of water quality.
• Drinking water quality criteria
• Health and aesthetic aspects of drinking water
• Chemical principles, source composition and water sheds
• Hydraulic characteristics of reactors
• Overview of water treatment processes
• Removal of organic contaminants.
• Typical potable water plants.
• Physical chemical treatment in wastewater treatment plants.
• Fresh water sources, water demand and variability, water pollutants

2  Gas-Liquid Processes

3   Chemical Oxidation

• Ozonation – reactions with organic substances, mass transfer, and equipment design
• Alternative disinfection and oxidation procedures (opportunity)

4   Coagulation and Flocculation

• Colloidal suspensions; turbidity and coagulation; chemicals required: aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, lime, polymers, clay minerals; rapid mixing.
• Flocculation – shear gradients, energy requirements, floc rupture, tapered flocculation, Camp no.; flocculation equipment, head loss, examples

5   Screens, Sedimentation and Flotation

• Sedimentation – definitions, applications, settling of discrete particles, sedimentation classes; settling tank design, types of settling tanks, examples
• Flotation – aims, methodology of gas-solid floc formation, gas introduction

6  Filtration

• Granular bed (sand), precoat and membrane filtration.
• Different types of filtration used in water treatment (opportunity for term paper)
• Rapid and slow sand filtration – medium characterization, head loss over granular beds, fouling, backwashing, filter sizing and layout, novel filtration designs (opportunity)

7   Membranes

8   Ion exchange and inorganic adsorption

• Reverse osmosis, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane technology and redox reactions for removal of pollutants

9   Precipitation, Softening and Stabilization

• Precipitation of dissolved metals

10   Adsorption of organics by activated carbon

11   Disinfection

• Background: diseases carried in water – Different approaches to disinfection and disinfectant types, disinfection kinetics
• Chlorination – reactions with ammonia and organic substances, equipment

12   Tertiary treatment, water reclamation and natural treatment

13   Quality maintenance during distribution

14   Water treatment plant residuals management